Modern landscape design is a fascinating convergence of art, science, and environmental consciousness.
The term “modern landscape design” encompasses a wide variety of styles and philosophies that emerged in the 20th century as an influential extension of contemporary outdoor spaces.
Reflecting humanity’s evolving relationship with nature, outdoor spaces have transformed over time from grand ornamental gardens to inclusive, sustainable environments that support both people and ecosystems.
From the functionalist approaches of early modernists to the ecological focus of today, this article explores five key questions that trace the history and future of modern landscape design and its intersection with sustainable practices and emerging technologies.
By understanding this evolution–past and potential–we gain insight into the connection between landscape design and its effect on both human life and the natural world.
What Historical Events Shaped Modern Landscape Design?
The history of modern landscape design is deeply intertwined with significant historical events that reshaped how we interact with outdoor spaces.
The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) marked one of the earliest turning points, as rapid urbanization and industrialization created new societal needs for public parks and green spaces to counteract polluted, crowded cities. This era saw the emergence of urban parks as vital spaces for recreation, health, and social cohesion.
One of the most influential figures of this period was Frederick Law Olmsted, who designed New York’s Central Park in 1858. His work emphasized creating accessible green spaces for all, reflecting the ideals of the time. Olmsted’s designs were guided by the principle that landscapes should serve both aesthetic and functional purposes, promoting health, well-being, and social harmony.
The post-war period following World War II brought another wave of change. As suburbanization took hold in the mid-20th century, residential landscape design gained prominence. Designers began to focus on private outdoor spaces that complemented modernist architecture. This period saw the rise of the California Style, pioneered by Thomas Church, which blended indoor and outdoor living in response to the region’s climate and lifestyle.
The environmental movements of the 20th century further reshaped landscape design. In the 1960s and 1970s, concerns about pollution, conservation, and ecological preservation led designers to consider sustainable practices. This era marked the beginning of integrating natural systems into landscape design, laying the foundation for today’s ecological approaches.
Who Were the Pioneers of Modern Landscape Design?
The evolution of modern landscape design would not have been possible without the vision and innovation of key pioneers who challenged traditional ideas and introduced new ways of thinking about outdoor spaces. Frederick Law Olmsted is often considered the father of American landscape architecture, but many other worldly figures also played critical roles in shaping modern design in America and throughout the world.
Thomas Church: Is often credited with shaping the modern American garden. His designs rejected the rigid formality of traditional European gardens in favor of more relaxed, functional spaces. Church’s approach to landscape design prioritized the needs of the homeowner, creating outdoor spaces that were both beautiful and practical. His influence can be seen in countless suburban gardens across the United States.
Garrett Eckbo: Brought a social and environmental consciousness to modern landscape design. Eckbo’s designs combined modernist aesthetics with a sensitivity to natural landscapes. He often incorporated native plants and sustainable practices, foreshadowing today’s emphasis on ecological design.
Dan Kiley: Often referred to as the “dean of modern landscape architects,” was known for his masterful use of geometric forms and structured layouts. His work often featured grids, allees, and water features, creating a sense of order and harmony.
Roberto Burle Marx: Known for his bold use of native plants and abstract designs. His modernist approach fused art, architecture, and botany, creating dynamic and vibrant landscapes that reflected Brazil’s unique flora. His work remains a source of inspiration for contemporary designers who prioritize sustainability and native plantings.
The Evolution of Modernism in Contemporary Landscape Design
Modernism reshaped landscape design by rejecting ornamental traditions in favor of functionality, simplicity, and seamless integration with architecture. Emerging in the early 20th century, it championed the idea that form follows function, with architects like Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe dissolving boundaries between indoor and outdoor spaces, inspiring fluid, purpose-driven landscapes.
The legacy of modernism continues to shape contemporary landscape design through the work of today’s most influential designers.
James Corner, founder of Field Operations and the visionary behind New York City’s High Line, extends modernist ideals into urban renewal, emphasizing adaptive reuse and ecological sustainability. His projects merge the structured, minimalist aesthetics of modernism with innovative public space design that fosters community engagement.
Andrea Cochran, founder of ACLA, is known for her restrained, geometric compositions, channeling the modernist ethos through precision and materiality. Her work prioritizes clarity in form, using steel, concrete, and native plantings to create immersive, sculptural landscapes that honor their surroundings.
Piet Oudolf, known for “new perennial movement”, whose naturalistic planting style revolutionized contemporary landscape design. While modernist principles initially emphasized structure and minimalism, Oudolf reinvigorates these ideas by blending strong geometric frameworks with textural, seasonal plantings. His projects—such as Lurie Garden in Chicago and The High Line in New York—demonstrate how modernist simplicity can harmonize with ecological complexity.
Modernism’s encouragement of raw materials and technology—such as concrete, steel, and glass—remains a defining feature of contemporary landscape architecture. These materials continue to shape sleek, minimalist spaces that complement modernist and contemporary architecture alike.
As landscape architects today push the boundaries of sustainability and resilience, modernism’s core principles remain as relevant as ever. From the early pioneers to today’s leaders like Corner, Cochran, and Oudolf, modernist landscape design continues to evolve—honoring function, material honesty, and a profound respect for the way people experience outdoor space.
Landscape Architecture Books
The Landscape Library may earn commission on qualifying purchases by clicking on links below.
How Has Sustainability Transformed Modern Landscape Design?
Sustainability has become a core principle of modern landscape design, transforming how designers approach outdoor spaces. As concerns about climate change, biodiversity loss, and resource depletion have grown, landscape architects have prioritized eco-friendly practices that reduce environmental impact. Some of the most significant shifts include:
Native Plants: Using native species not only supports local ecosystems but also reduces the need for water, fertilizers, and pesticides.
Water conservation: Techniques such as xeriscaping, rain gardens, and permeable paving help reduce water usage and manage stormwater runoff. In drought-prone regions, these practices are essential for creating resilient landscapes.
Wetlands: These ecosystems naturally filter pollutants, control flooding, and provide habitat for a diverse range of wildlife. Restoring or incorporating wetlands into design projects can enhance biodiversity, improve water quality, and contribute to climate resilience.
Urban greening efforts: Elements such as green roofs, living walls, and vertical gardens, are transforming cities by bringing nature into built environments. These innovations help mitigate the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and provide habitat for urban wildlife.
Sustainability also extends to the materials used in landscape design. Designers are increasingly opting for recycled and locally sourced materials to reduce the carbon footprint of their projects. For example, using reclaimed wood, recycled concrete, and sustainable stone can significantly lower a project’s environmental impact.
Today, sustainability is not just a trend but a necessity in landscape design. As climate challenges intensify, designers must continue to innovate and prioritize practices that support both human and environmental well-being.
How Has Sustainability Transformed Modern Landscape Design?
The future of modern landscape design is set to be shaped by advancements in technology, growing environmental awareness, and changing societal needs. As we move further into the 21st century, landscape architects are likely to focus on creating resilient, adaptable spaces that address global challenges–for both commercial and residential projects.
One of the most promising developments is the integration of smart technology in landscape design. Tools like automated irrigation systems, AI-based planning software, and digital mapping tools (such as Moasure) allow designers to create more efficient and precise landscapes. These technologies can optimize resource usage, reduce maintenance needs, and improve the overall performance of outdoor spaces.
Click here to read “Why Moasure 2 PRO Is a Must-Have Tool for Landscape Designers”.
The future of modern landscape design will also prioritize health and well-being. As people spend more time in urban environments, there is a growing need for green spaces that promote mental and physical health. Parks, gardens, and outdoor spaces will be designed to foster social connections, reduce stress, and encourage physical activity.
Finally, future landscape design will likely always continue to emphasize aesthetic innovation. Designers will explore new ways to blend art, nature, and technology to create landscapes that are both functional and more inspiring than those created by outdoor design pioneers. From interactive installations to immersive garden experiences, the possibilities for future landscapes are endless.
